: Who owns authorship when an employee makes a design for their employer? Let's say Designer X worked full time for Company Y. While there, Designer X built an illustration to explain how Company

@Smith574

The terms 'owning' and 'authorship' do not really fit together.

The author has the authorship. Nobody else can ever have. A painting of Picasso will always remain a painting of Picasso.
Owning is more about the rights to perform with the work of the author.

Depending on the legal framework the author can completely abandon or sell all his/her rights. But authorship can never be sold. Think about faking the authorship when writing a PhD thesis

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@Nimeshi706

Company Y owns all the work Designer X did while employed.

Anything to be done with the image must seek permission from Company Y. The designer, as an employee, has no rights with respect to anything he/she created at Company Y.

Any attribution or reuse should reference Company Y because Designer X was in a work-for-hire position. In a work-for-hire situation the employee essentially does not exist as an entity. Only the company exists. Similar to how you wouldn't give credit to, or claim authorship belonged to your right arm because technically it held the pencil that wrote something. The arm, or in this case employee, is merely an extension of the whole (the employer). It is not an individual.

It would take a special, written, agreement for any employee to retain any rights or to claim authorship. It is common for companies to give the employee authorship. So, it's not unheard of. A company that publishes books often gives its employees authorship over the books, even though the company owns the rights to the book. But if no previous agreement has been made, years later, the employee often can not simply start claiming authorship when it was never before given. But then I am not an attorney.

This may be of interest to you: Can a co-founder/client claim ownership of designs if IP wasn't specifically signed over?

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@Si6392903

Company Y.

Technically, they're the ones who signed the contracts with the third party, and the Designer X was "part" of company Y at the moment, unless designer X signed a contract with his employer company Y stating that he keeps the rights of his artworks.

But if company Y doesn't mind or upon agreement, designer X can be cited for his work. Or both designer X and company Y. Citing is not the same as claiming the rights but the company would be in full right to demand the name of designer X to not appear as creator of the artwork.


"If the work is for hire, "the employer or other person for whom the
work was prepared is considered the author and owns the copyright."
(The seminal case in this conversation is the Supreme Court case,
Community for Non-Violence v. Reid (1989).)

Across architecture, industrial and graphic design, the policies
remain generally consistent—the firm owns all employee intellectual
property.


Source, other source and other source on permission.



Note for designers

It can be possible to keep these rights as author of your artwork but this needs to be done on a written contract when the designer is being hired. Usually companies and firms add a special clause about this or forbid the designer to cite his work for X amount of years. If it's only a matter of using the work for a portfolio, this can easily be negotiated and it's not the same as requiring the rights, but a permission to show your artwork.

Then again, this might not be possible if the firm has a special agreement about this with its own client!

Even freelancers have to be careful with this, some clients may require on the contract the same privileges as employers (work-for-hire.)



Note about license and copyright

The right to use (license) and intellectual property (copyright) are not the same things.

Non-exclusive License: Unless specified otherwise on a contract, when an artwork is ordered by and paid by a client, it's implied there is a non-exclusive right to use the artwork. This gives the company and the original author/creator a "shared" right to use the artwork. The designer can freely use the artwork for a portfolio and resell it if there's no copyright infringement (eg. brand), for example. The creator of the artwork is still the one who owns the intellectual property of the artwork but gives a permission to use the artwork to the person who pays for its creation. An example for this: Royalty-free stock pictures.

Exclusive License: It's a monopoly on the license and an exclusive permission to distribute the artwork but the intellectual property remains with the author/creator. This is usually negotiated on a period of time. An example for this: book publishing or a picture created for a specific event.

Copyright/trademark: This is the intellectual property and can be registered. The party owning this right can do anything they want with the artwork (resell, publish, distribute, resell, modify, etc.) When a designer work-for-hire or sells all the rights of his artwork, he doesn't own any rights or license on the artwork anymore and cannot re-use it in its current form. Rights stays with the creator or right holders up to 75 years after his death unless they are transferred to someone else. An example for this: a logo, a song or special attributes of a brand.

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