: Aligning letters "Wrong" appears more "Right" I'm currently working on a logo for a client. Here is the work in progress. It seems obvious to me that the S should align with the line above.

@Phylliss782

Excellent reference addressing exactly what it says. Highly recommended.

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@Murray976

This is a technique called overshooting (or overhanging). The reason why we use overshooting is because the way we perceive things as humans (at least in terms of pure mathematics) is inaccurate.

Don't believe me? Let me explain:

Consider this image:



Does the circle and triangle feel like they have the same weight to you? The truth is that they have the same height but a different area.

Now let's show how they look with the same area:



Notice the overshooting that has been created for both the circle and triangle. Both the circle and triangle look visually imbalanced still (especially the triangle) but with some playing around with scale and aligning the base of the triangle with the square, we get the following, visually appealing image:



Without guides:



Note that the overshooting still occurs with both, but in different ways. This is quite the opposite to bad practice, it's what is necessary in order to get proper visual balance - we often need to play around with shapes sizing, width, spacing, and alignment based on the specific subjects that we're using. There's no specific formula to this, it depends on the composition and desired result. Keep in mind that when you change the vertical sizing, you'll likely need to change the horizontal spacing the same amount to keep proper white space:



The stroke width also comes into play when it comes to visual alignment. Take a look at this:



It doesn't feel quite right even though the scaling and spacing is the same, eh?

The conclusion here is that we should increase the amount of compensation as we increase the stroke, paying attention to balancing the counters. In fact, when we have counter forms, they overpower the form’s outline and their equilibrium becomes more significant than the solid form itself. This is exactly what Nintendo did when designing their Nintendo switch logo.

To read in more detail, check out Fábio Martins' article The Art of Eyeballing – Part III: Overshooting where I practically stole the images and some of the content in this answer from.

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@Hamm6457569

The concept at play here is that your eye (i.e. your brain) processes curves differently than it does straights. In a manner somewhat similar to how you "see" a halftone as a smooth tone, your eye finds an averaged location as the perceived "edge" of a curved letterform. Your positioning of your logoforms is "correct" according to this notion. The key of course is "how to convey to the literal-minded client who fixates on whether serifs are sticking out or other such literal positioning.

This kind of thing comes into play ALL THE TIME in typography. For example, in a centered headline, letting the trailing period at the end of a line overhang, thus the line is technically off-center, but the average weight of the line is dead-center.

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@LarsenBagley460

Yup, these are legitimate things and they have names.

"Visual alignment", or, "Optical alignment"

This is the general principle - you're aligning by eye by what visually looks right, rather than by rule. It's used not just in typography but anywhere visual consistency is important, for example in designing icon sets - making icons with curves look neat when lined up with icons with straight edges.



The more specific technical terms below are not very commonly used (I had to look them up), they're just here for the curious.

Typographical Overshoot

This is when a character passes the appropriate vertical point because doing so looks more natural than stopping strictly. Joojaa's answer has lots of great examples of this, I'll just add this one from Microsoft's typography standards (don't laugh, despite unleashing Comic Sans on the world MS have a generally pretty good typography team) that shows it's not just the baseline where this is used:



Optical margin alignment

Essentially horizontal overshoot, usually applied to curved or slanted characters, and other characters with little meeting the edge that would look wrong against a hard line. It's basically tight kerning at the margins, and the characters that it is applied to are generally the same ones that would receive tight kerning elsewhere.

Here's how Wikipedia currently illustrate it:

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@Gail6891361

If you look at many fonts you'll notice that the curvature of the letter 's' pierces the perfect alignment of the baseline and of many other small letters. And as a general rule round shapes tend to do this - pierce the baseline of straight edges. I had an article about this phenomenon, and why it happens, somewhere in my bookmarks but the link evades me at the moment.



Image 1: Some examples of round 's' piercing the baseline, with the baseline piercings highlighted.

If you look, even fonts that are very geometric do this (see Image 1). This happens more often than it doesn't - so much so that I've heard it spoken of as a rule. However note how the amount differs from situation to situation and shape to shape. So still today it's your eyes that decide.

If your eye is keen you'll also notice that some letterforms also pierce the vertical sideways. That is because the same phenomenon also happens there.



Image 2: Same effect sideways. This commonly happens if you have straight lines and curved lines mixed sideways.

PS: Sorry, fonts available on my temporary workstation are a bit limited.

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@Vandalay110

I don't have any articles to back it up, but I can tell you from experience that you are correct. Just like manual kerning, spacing and aligning letterforms (and other objects) like this is part science, part art. Let your eye and gut guide you rather than exact numbers and math.

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